2008 Status for Each European Country

Detailed Timeline of European History

Recent European History (1989-2008) << Post-War Status for Each Country

2008 Status for Each Country
USSR collapse, Rise of the European Union, Islamic Extremism

Recent European History (1989 - 2008)

Albania
Economy: One of the poorest economies in Europe. Still trying to make the transition from a gray economy (where goods are not typically sold through typical sales channels, such as authorized distributors/importers). Unreliable power, unclear property rights, inadequate infrastructure (such as roads), have held Albanian back economically.
Government: Democratic Republic
Religion: Muslim (Sunni) 70%, Albanian Orthodox 20%, Roman Catholic 10%. Serbian population primarily Serbian Orthodox. Albanians were largely Muslim until after WWII, when it became communist. Following the Soviet policy on religion, religious practices were deemed illegal until 1990. But most Albanians are inactive religiously, largely due to its suppression for nearly 50 years after the war. Christians and Muslims have generally co-existed peacefully in Albania, as nationalism has traditionally taken precedence over religious affiliation.
Demographics: Albanian 95%, Greek 3% (southern portion traditionally Greek territory).
Foreign Policy: Generally focused on maintaining friendly relations with other Balkan nations, and protecting Albanians in other Balkan nations, such as Serbia (supporting Kosovar independence for instance). Has led to conflict with Greece, where there have been issues with ethnic Albanians.
Population: 3,619,778 (2008)

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Austria
Economy: Advanced, strong economy, which has strengthened since joining the EU in the 90s, reducing reliance on Germany, enabling diversification, increasing trade partners.
Government: Democratic Federal Republic (Federal meaning individual states maintain political sovereignty, consistent with tradition of autonomous principalities during German "Holy Roman Empire" of Middle Ages).
Religion: Protestant 4.7%, Roman Catholic 73.6%, Muslim 4.2%. Secularist trend. Austrian Catholics obligated to pay 1% tax to Austrian Roman Catholic Church. Survey: 54% believe in God, 34% in some other form of intelligent design, and 8% atheist/agnostic. More religious than most of Europe (especially to the west), but like Europe in general, downward trend in religiosity.
Demographics: 91.1% Austrian, vast majority of remaining population of European descent outside of Austria (especially Slavs from former Balkan possessions - comprised of former Yugoslavia), similar demographic profile as Germany.
Foreign Policy: Declared “perpetual neutrality” in 1955, upon gaining sovereignty by Allies after WWII. Has largely maintained this policy ever since, although cooperating with EU in Iraq (giving access to air space) in 1991 and 1995.
Population: 8,205,533 (2008)

Belarus
Economy: Initially after the collapse of USSR in 1990, Belarus began taking steps toward democracy and capitalism like other former socialist republics. But since the mid 1990s, Belarus has taken steps back towards socialism and a state-planned economy. It has re-nationalized many private companies, imposed price controls and expanded the state’s right to take over controls of private companies. It has also increased the communist practice of redistributing wealth and income. As a result, foreign investment has been discouraged. Despite this, the economy has exhibited strong growth in recent years, in large part due to heavily discounted oil and natural gas it receives from Russia, as a result of remaining aligned with Russia.
Government: Dictatorship (officially a republic, but dictatorship in reality)
Religion: Eastern Orthodox 80%. Constitution protects freedom of religion, but in reality, due to dictatorial tendencies of the current regime, the state reserves the right to prohibit religious practice deemed harmful.
Demographics: Belarusian 81%, Russian 11% (long part of Russian rule, population redistribution in an attempt to "Russianize", especially during the era of the USSR), Polish 4% (fluctuating borders with Poland throughout history, up through WWII), Ukrainian 2% (closely related, part of USSR together). Population has been in decline in recent years due to low birth rate and net emigration.
Foreign Policy: Leans heavily toward Russia. Highly reliant on Russia politically and economically, as Russia is its largest import and export partner. Recent socialist and dictatorial policies have distanced Belarus from the West and the rest of Europe, causing it to cleave even tighter to Russia.
Population: 9,685,768 (2008)

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Belgium
Economy: Advanced capitalistic economy. Highly integrated into the pan-European market, since dependent on imports and international trade. Relatively few natural resources, forcing significant trade deficit, but central location makes it a natural hub for trade. Economy somewhat sluggish since worldwide slowdown from 2001-2003.
Government: Constitutional monarchy (democracy with monarch still in place).
Religion: Roman Catholic 75%, most of remaining 25% Protestant. Still very secular, but Roman Catholicism has engendered greater religiosity throughout Europe. Nations dominated by Catholicism like Belgium tend to be a little more religious (although still very secular trend). Survey: 43% believe in God, 29% in some other form of intelligent design, 27% atheist/agnostic.
Demographics: 92% Belgian, highly homogenous. 60% speak Dutch (mostly northern half), 40% French (mostly southern half), as French began settling in the south beginning with the Napoleonic era, and afterward. Belgium now somewhat divided between these sectarian lines, resulting in amendments to the constitution allowing regional autonomy, adding a federalist element to government.
Foreign Policy: Part of NATO
Population: 10,403,951 (2008)

Bosnia and Herzegovina
Economy: Bosnian War (1992-95) produced devastating effect. Still an underdeveloped economy as far as Europe is concerned, but showing signs of growth and improvement.
Government: Democratic Republic
Religion: Muslim 40%, Orthodox 31%, Roman Catholic 15%, Other 14%. Ethnic Bosniaks are primarily Muslim, while ethnic Serbs (generally Orthodox) and Croats (generally Roman Catholic) primarily Christian. Ethnic Bosniaks were unlike other European people that came under Ottoman rule during the time of the Ottoman Empire, most of which retained their Christian beliefs and practices. Bosniaks, on the other hand, were religiously decentralized before the Ottoman conquest, and found it easier to abandon Christianity to take advantage of the Muslim preference within the Ottoman Empire, causing Bosniaks to largely convert to Islam.
Demographics: Bosniak 48%, Croat 14% (Yugoslavia), Serb 37% (holdovers from population intermixing during era of Yugoslavia).
Foreign Policy: Engaged in law suit against Serbia for war crimes and charges of genocide during Bosnian War from 1992 - 95. Currently engaged in minor border disputes with Croatia and Serbia & Montenegro.
Population: 4,590,310 (2008)

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Bulgaria
Economy: Strong growth since 1996, but still the second poorest nation in the EU, and plagued by corruption which hinders the economy.
Government: Democratic Republic
Religion: Bulgarian Orthodox 83%, Muslim 12%. Survey: 40% believe in God, 40% in some other intelligent design, 13% atheist/agnostic. Different religions peacefully co-exist.
Demographics: Bulgarian 84%, Turk 9% (holdovers from Ottoman rule), Roma 5%. One of the slowest population growth rates, with population contraction since escaping Soviet rule in 1990s, due to economic crisis (especially in years immediately following independence) and the consequential high emigration.
Foreign Policy: Maintaining friendly relations with Russia a primary objective, as it is highly dependent upon Russia for raw materials and energy. No real controversies at this time. Joined NATO.
Population: 7,262,675 (2008)

Croatia
Economy: Damaging warfare from 1991 to 1995 with Serbia set the economy back, causing it to miss the foreign investment dollars that poured into central and eastern Europe in the years immediately following the collapse of the Soviet Union. Has improved slowly in recent years, and is helped by tourism, as Croatia has become the 18th most popular tourist destination, but still far behind western European economies.
Government: Democratic Republic
Religion: Roman Catholic 88%.
Demographics: Croat 90%, Serb 5% (holdover from long time Serbian/Yugoslavian rule).
Foreign Policy: Joined NATO. Normalizing relations with Serbia after end of Yugoslavia Wars, where Croatia gained independence. Currently engaged in minor border disputes with Slovenia (along with disputes over territorial waters in Bay of Piran - Adriatic Sea), Bosnia and Serbia.
Population: 4,491,543 (2008)

Czech Republic
Economy: One of the strongest economies of all former communist states. A historically strong industrial power, as much of Germany’s industrialization during the late 19th and early 20th centuries was located in Bohemia, the current Czech Republic. Has diversified its economy since.
Government: Democratic Republic
Religion: Roman Catholic 26.8%, 59%+ unaffiliated, one of least religious nations in Europe. Survey: 19% believe in God, 50% in some other form of intelligent design, 30% atheist/agnostic.
Demographics: Czech 90.4%.
Foreign Policy: One of the world’s greatest advocates for promoting human rights, regardless of prospects of doing business with the ruling regime. Joined NATO in 1999.
Population: 10,220,911 (2008)

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Denmark
Economy: Strong, advanced economy with high living standards. Net exporter of food & energy (oil & natural gas), well-positioned for modern challenges of food and energy shortages. Welfare state.
Government: Constitutional monarchy (democracy with monarch still in place)
Religion: State religion is Danish National Church (Evangelical Lutheran), which is partially supported by public funds. The monarchs must be members. Clergy also perform certain government tasks, such as caretaking for cemeteries and record keeping. 95% belong to DNC (less than 5% active), 3% other Christian, 2% Muslim. Survey: 31% believe in God, 49% some other form of intelligent design, 19% atheist/agnostic. Highly secular country, although most are members of the state-sponsored Church due to history. There is no financial incentive to belong, nor penalty in not belonging.
Demographics: 91% Danish, remainder from other Europe, South Asia, Middle East.
Foreign Policy: UN, NATO, not active in U.S.-led campaigns in Iraq, Afghanistan.
Population: 5,484,723 (2008)

Estonia
Economy: Modern, free-market economy. Has made tremendous economic progress since independence from USSR in 1991. High per capita income levels for central/eastern Europe. Experiencing inflation since 2007. Limited resources, but strategic location enables it to be a transportation hub.
Government: Democratic Republic
Religion: Evangelical Lutheran 13.6%, Orthodox 12.8%, mostly unaffiliated/unspecified. Comprehensive statistics/info not available.
Demographics: Estonian 67.9%, Russian 25.6% (long-time under Russian rule), most of remainder other East Slav/European.
Foreign Policy: Since independence, close cooperation with other European nations (especially to the west, and Nordic countries) has been a key objective, as evident by joining the EU and NATO. Like Finland, wary of a powerful Russian state, due to centuries of unwanted rule/domination by Russia. Geopolitically vulnerable to Russia, due to long, hard-to-defend border with Russia (easy to transport troops across, no natural barriers), and low population density.
Population: 1,307,605 (2008)

Finland
Economy: Advanced, capitalistic economy. High unemployment has been a problem in this natural resource-limited nation.
Government: Democratic Republic
Religion: Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland (National church, where it is not a state church, but presides over certain religiously ceremonial functions in government) 82.5%, None: 15.1%, remaining mostly other Christian. Survey: 41% believe in God, 41% some other form of intelligent design, 19% atheist/agnostic.
Demographics: Finn 93.4%, Swede 5.6% (long-time Swedish possession during post-Middle Ages)
Foreign Policy: Primary concern is Russia, generally opposes measures in EU that might strengthen Russia, or make EU members too reliant on Russia, as it had long been its greatest nemesis/threat. Sweden had been its greatest threat before Russia, with the dividing point around the year 1700, but relations with Sweden and other Nordic nations are currently very cooperative and friendly. Geopolitically vulnerable to Russia, due to long, hard-to-defend border with Russia (easy to transport troops across, no natural barriers), and low population density.
Population: 5,244,749 (2008)

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France
Economy: Fairly socialized (high tax rate, gov’t ownership of many companies, banks, etc.), but working toward greater privatization and open market policies. Since the 90s, economy has grown at a more sluggish rate than other EU nations, but remains one of the largest economies in the world.
Government: Democratic Republic.
Religion: 83-88% Roman Catholic, 5-10% Muslim, 2% Protestant, 1% Jewish. Strong Catholic tradition which is still in force today, long the official religion of the state. With modern secularism trend, most Catholics are not active church goers, likely claiming religious affiliation based on family tradition. Only 34% in recent poll claim to believe in God. 27% other ID, 33% atheist.
Demographics: Majority French, with sizable Arab/Muslim (former colonies in ME and N Africa) and Black African population (African slave trade)
Foreign Policy: Participated in Afghanistan invasion, but denounced invasion of Iraq.
Population: 64,057,790 (2008)

Germany
Economy: Europe’s largest economy. Still strong in manufacturing (traditional strength, since 19th century), while also developing strong service sector. East Germany, which was far behind West Germany economically after the 1990 reunification of German, has been a drag on overall economy, but in past few years, growth has begun to improve again.
Government: Democratic Federal Republic (Federal meaning individual states maintain political sovereignty, consistent with tradition of autonomous principalities during the German "Holy Roman Empire" of the Middle Ages).
Religion: Protestant 34%, Roman Catholic 34%, Muslim 3.7%. More religious than France and the United Kingdom, but on secularist trend. Survey: 47% believe in God, 25% in some other form of intelligent design, and 25% do not believe in any intelligent design or God.
Demographics: 91.5% German, vast majority of remaining population of European descent outside of Germany.
Foreign Policy: Focuses on strong relations with other European nations, especially France and Russia, in light of their series of devastating wars during the 19th and 20th centuries with each. Supported Afghanistan War, but not Iraq War.
Population: 82,369,548 (2008)

Greece
Economy: Fairly strong economy, especially for east/central Europe, which features under-developed economies compared to the west. With a multitude of excellent ports, relies heavily on the transportation industry, as well as the tourism industry.
Government: Democratic Republic
Religion: Greek Orthodox 98%, Muslim 1%. Survey: 81% believe in God, 16% in some other intelligent design, 3% atheist/agnostic. Constitution recognizes Greek Orthodox as prevailing religion, but guarantees freedom of religion. Extremely religious for Europe, 3rd most religious next to Malta and Cyprus. Greeks are a people especially proud of heritage, due to important link to history-altering events and civilizations. Could explain why they identify with the Greek Orthodox religion with such near-unanimity, as it has long been viewed as a protector of “Greekness”. As a result, Greece (due to high religious affiliation and activity) is highly religious, especially compared to Europe in general.
Demographics: Greek 93%.
Foreign Policy: Strained relationship with Turkey, over the Turkish invasion and occupation of northern Cyprus, which had a large Greek population. Persists to this day, as northern third of island remains the Turkey-friendly nation of Northern Cyprus, recognized by Turkey alone as a sovereign nation. Greece and Turkey also disagree on the dividing point in the Aegean Sea, which includes several islands. It also has issues with Macedonian over the name of the country, which is historically associated with the Greek people (beginning with the ancient kingdom of Macedon). Harbors issues with Albania over the treatment of one another’s foreign nationals.
Population: 10,722,816 (2008)

Hungary
Economy: Like other former Soviet bloc countries in Eastern Europe, has made the transformation from centrally-planned economy to free-market economy. Last few years have brought troubling developments with increase in unemployment and tax rate, with decrease in consumer spending.
Government: Democratic Republic
Religion: Roman Catholic 52%, Other Christian 23%, None 25%. Survey: 44% believe in God, 31% in some other form of intelligent design, 19% atheist/agnostic.
Demographics: Hungarian 92%.
Foreign Policy: Joined NATO, efforts to collaborate with western governments to garner support against potential threats from Russia and even Germany, historically Hungary’s two most significant threats. Terrain characterized by plains and low hills makes Hungary difficult to defend by military might alone.
Population: 9,930,915 (2008)

Iceland
Economy: Highly advanced, productive economy. Highly dependent on the fishing industry and fish exports, with increasing importance of technical and tourism industries. Welfare state.
Government: Democratic Republic
Religion: State church: National Church of Iceland (Lutheran) 86%, nearly all of remaining is other Christian. Low religious activity like much of Europe, and especially Nordic countries. 38% believe in God, 48% some other form of intelligent design, 11% atheist/agnostic.
Demographics: Norse/Celt Icelanders 94%, most of the rest other European.
Foreign Policy: Supported Iraq, Afghanistan invasions, but not militarily (no standing army)
Population: 304,367 (2008)

Ireland
Economy: An advanced economy, experiencing strong growth since the 90s. The second wealthiest nation per capita in Europe.
Government: Democratic Republic.
Religion: 88.4% Roman Catholic, 4.6% other Christian. Strong Catholic tradition which is still in force today. Survey: 73% believe in God, 22% some other form of intelligent design, 4% atheist.
Demographics: 88.9% Irish
Foreign Policy: Neutral
Population: 4,156,119 (2008)

Italy
Economy: World’s seventh largest economy, and Europe’s fourth largest, but lags behind other super economies in growth. This is due to high tax burden, and the underdeveloped southern portion of the country, which has high unemployment, and relies heavily on welfare. The northern and southern halves had historically been separated after the demise of the Roman Empire, under separate foreign rule. During the centuries of foreign rule, the north was developed far better than the south, due to the fact that it was primarily controlled by nearby German/Holy Roman Empire/Austrian regimes, while the south was neglected by its far-off foreign masters. As a result, the north held much more wealth upon unification in 1861, than its counterparts to the south, a situation that has yet to be equalized.
Government: Democratic Republic
Religion: 90% Roman Catholic (about 1/3 practicing), other 10% is largely Protestant (or Other Christian), about 1.5% Muslim; For Europe, highly religious, due to dominant influence of Catholicism throughout history, including recent history, as the Church keeps its HQ in Italy (Rome). Only recently removed from status as official state religion, for which it received preferential treatment and government funding. Survey: 74% believe in God, 16% some other form of intelligent design, 6% atheist/agnostic.
Demographics: 95% Italian, 1% Romanian (post WWII immigration for employment opportunities), 1% Arab (North African from across Mediterranean Sea).
Foreign Policy: Has supported UN missions, by contributing troops to Africa and Afghanistan. Withdrew troops in Iraq.
Population: 58,145,321 (2008)

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Kosovo
Economy: Kosovo’s citizens are the poorest in Europe. Perhaps the most under-developed economy in Europe. Unemployment is currently at about 40-50%. Business harmed by unresolved international status and unreliable power. Kosovo had been Yugoslavia’s poorest province, and was unprepared to enter competitive world market.
Government: Democratic Republic
Religion: Albanian population about 97% Muslim (Sunni), about 3% Roman Catholic. Serbian population primarily Serbian Orthodox. Therefore, Kosovo's population is largely Muslim.
Demographics: Albanian 88%, Serb 7% (long part of Serbia).
Foreign Policy: Primarily focused on gaining widespread international recognition as a sovereign nation. At least 43 nations already recognize independence. Full, or near complete recognition will open up foreign investment.
Population: 2,126,708 (2008)

Latvia
Economy: One of fastest growing economies in Europe since 2000, but now experiencing inflation and increased debt/real estate prices, fueling concerns of a possible economic bubble. Has privatized most of its economy with the exception of a few large, state-owned utilities.
Government: Democratic Republic
Religion: Mostly Christian or unaffiliated. Survey: 37% believe in God, 49% some other form of intelligent design, 10% atheist/agnostic.
Demographics: Latvian 57.7%, Russian 29.6% (long standing Russian rule), most of the rest Eastern Slavic (Belarusian, Ukrainian, Polish), Largely Latvian and Baltic German before Russian rule beginning in 18th century, through USSR era ending in 1990.
Foreign Policy: EU and NATO in 2004. Like Finland, wary of a powerful Russian state, due to centuries of unwanted rule/domination by Russia. Geopolitically vulnerable to Russia, due to long, hard-to-defend border with Russia (easy to transport troops across, no natural barriers), and low population density.
Population: 2,245,423 (2008)

Lithuania
Economy: Unlike other former Soviet Republics, Lithuania embraces trade with Russia, experiencing strong growth since the Russian economic recovery beginning in 1998, and still ascending this day as energy prices continue to rise. Lithuania has also increased its trade with western partners as well. Transition to a privatized, free-market economy is nearly complete. Since joining the EU in 2004, has seen a large emigration rate to other, more established European nations with higher wages, but strong growth is closing the gap more each year.
Government: Democratic Republic
Religion: Roman Catholic 79%, Russian Orthodox 4.1%. Bucking the trend of Europe, church activity has increased since escaping Soviet control in 1990. 49% believe in God, 36% other ID, 12% atheist.
Demographics: Latvian 83.4%, Polish 6.7% (historically tied together, as kingdoms were united for a long time during late middle ages), Russian 6.3 (long time Russian rule – soviet republic – population exchange).
Foreign Policy: EU and NATO in 2004.
Population: 3,565,205 (2008)

Luxembourg
Economy: Extremely strong and diversified economy. Number one in the world in GDP per capita. High standard of living.
Government: Constitutional monarchy (democracy with monarch still in place).
Religion: Roman Catholic 87%, Nations dominated by Catholicism like Luxembourg tend to be a little more religious (although still very secular, with the trend deepening this). Survey: 44% believe in God, 28% believe in some other form of intelligent design, 22% atheist/agnostic.
Demographics: Luxembourgers the vast majority. Mix of Celtic origin, Germanic peoples that overran the territory during the era of migrations, along with a French blend.
Foreign Policy: NATO
Population: 486,006 (2008)

Macedonia
Economy: Least developed industrial infrastructure of former Yugoslavia, so had to play catch up upon dissolution of Yugoslavia. One of lowest per capita GDPs in Europe, and one of least developed economies in Europe with extremely high unemployment at about 35%. Suffered from guaranteed market due to state-planned economy under the Yugoslavian communist regime, as well as economic embargo imposed by Greece over disputed name (since Macedonia is also a region within Greece). Since 1996 though, it has experienced steady but slow growth.
Government: Democratic Republic
Religion: Macedonian Orthodox 65%, Muslim 33%. Demographics: Macedonian 64%, Albanian 25% (western part historically part of Albanian lands), Turkish 4% (holdovers from long time Ottoman rule).
Foreign Policy: Primary focus to become more integrated in European community, and complete recognition as a sovereign state. Main dispute with Greece is over the country's name, which refers to historical Greek kingdom (Macedon), and region within Greece. The matter is still under negotiation.
Population: 2,061,315 (2008)

Moldova
Economy: One of the poorest countries in Europe. Favorable climate and terrain/soil for farming, but no natural energy sources. In which case, must import all energy supplies, therefore highly dependent upon Russia. Dispute with Russia in 2005/2006 over pricing resulted in economic sanctions against Moldova. Brought about economic slow down during these years, from which it is just recovering. Illustrates overdependence on Russia.
Government: Democratic Republic
Religion: Eastern Orthodox 98%
Demographics: Moldovan 78%, Ukrainian 8% (fluctuating borderlands with Ukraine throughout history), Russian 6% (as part of USSR – population redistribution).
Foreign Policy: Historically a Romanian people/nation, but broken off by Russia after WWII. Romania still interested in Moldova, possibly even interested in eventually absorbing Moldova. Many Moldovans may actually welcome such an outcome, while the current government is very resistant of such a possibility. Russians maintain troops in turbulent Transnistria region (eastern edge of Moldova), against the will of the Moldovan government. Moldova also tries to maintain a delicate balance with Russia, upon which it is overly dependent for energy, while trying to establish relations with the rest of Europe.
Population: 4,324,450 (2008)

Montenegro
Economy: Suffered due to break up of Yugoslavia, as it initiated transition from communist economy to free-market economy, eliminating guaranteed business for its industrial sector. Sanctions were assessed against Serbia and Montenegro, as Serbia was seen as the aggressor in the Wars by the international community, further damaging the economy. Montenegro has experienced recent improvements, even after separating from Serbia.
Government: Democratic Republic
Religion: Serbian Orthodox 74%, Muslim 18%, Roman Catholic 4%.
Demographics: Montenegrin 43%, Serb 32%, Bosniak 8%, Albanian 5%, Other 12%. Those that identify themselves as Montenegrins versus Serbs varies from survey to survey, due to the controversy/confusion as to whether Montenegrins and Serbs are indeed separate or the same ethnic groups.
Foreign Policy: Gaining full recognition of independence (declared in 2006) in all nations throughout the world, including Serbia. Already recognized by most, including all western nations. Goal to achieve EU and NATO memberships.
Population: 678,177 (2008)

Netherlands
Economy: Very strong economy. Reliant on foreign trade as it is home to some of the key ports in all of Europe.
Government: Constitutional monarchy (democracy with monarch still in place)
Religion: Highly secular; Roman Catholic 31%, Protestant 20%, Muslim 5.5%, None 41%; Survey: 34% believe in God, 37% some other form of intelligent design, 27% atheist.
Demographics: 83% Dutch, 9% non-western (such as Turks, North African, Indonesian – former colonies), 8% western (European), highly homogenous.
Foreign Policy: Two high profile murders of a politician and artist Theo van Gogh by radical Muslims, a response to anti-Muslim stances each had taken. Not accustomed to political violence, resulted in public upheaval about immigration and Islam within the Netherlands.
Population: 16,645,313 (2008)

Norway
Economy: Welfare capitalism. A welfare state with a free market economy. Rich in natural resources, including fish and oil. World’s third largest exporter of oil (next to Saudi Arabia and Russia). Strong, highly advanced economy, due to characteristics of a Nordic/western economy (service-oriented), but with fortune of massive oil reservoirs. Most western economies are net importers of oil and natural gas (by a large margin), while most oil production economies are not very advanced. Norway has the best of both worlds, putting it in a premium position for the modern global economy.
Government: Constitutional monarchy (democracy with monarch still in place).
Religion: Church of Norway is the state religion, 86% belong, most of the rest belong to other Christian churches. Survey: 32% believe in God, 47% in some other form of intelligent design, 17% atheist/agnostic. Low religious activity as becoming much more secular like other Nordic/western nations. Church membership primarily used for life/traditional events such as baptism, marriage, funerals.
Demographics: Vast majority (85+%) are Norwegian.
Foreign Policy: Fostering cooperation among Nordic nations, participating and supporting EU and UN, serving as 3rd party mediator among warring nations/factions.
Population: 4,644,457 (2008)

Poland
Economy: Since 1990, and especially in recent years the Polish economy has improved substantially, although still well behind other major European powers in most metrics (unemployment, GDP per capita, average income, etc.). Still overcoming centuries of devastating warfare and foreign occupation, especially WWI and WWII, where Poland served as a battleground for Germany and Russian fighting. Privatization still undergoing, as full transition to free-market economy is near.
Government: Democratic Republic
Religion: Roman Catholic 89.8% (about 75% practicing – very high for Europe). 80% believe in God. Highly religious for Europe. Unlike other nations under Soviet sphere of influence during USSR era, Poland was able to achieve a degree of autonomy and freedom of worship, enabling it to continue religious tradition of Roman Catholicism. But oppressed/controlled enough that Catholicism was a respite in a difficult existence under Russian control. Very little immigration to introduce diverse peoples of diverse spiritual beliefs.
Demographics: Polish 96.7%. Highly homogenous, very little immigration due to harsh circumstances (mostly emigration), but things are improving.
Foreign Policy: Joined EU (2004) and NATO in 1999. Interested in establishing economic and diplomatic relations with all neighbors, and especially the west, including the U.S. Still leery of Russia, due to long history of being under its domination. In favor of any move that might weaken Russia, and against any move that might strengthen Russia. Geopolitically vulnerable, since wide open plains from Western Russia, through Belarus and into Poland mean an easy path to invade.
Population: 38,500,696 (2008)

Portugal
Economy: During 90s, offered lower-cost manufacturing than most EU nations, producing growth rate higher than the EU average. However, Eastern European nations that have joined since have proven to be lower-cost producers, making Portugal less competitive. As a result, it has experienced a growth rate below the EU average since the 90s.
Government: Democratic Republic.
Religion: 84.5% Roman Catholic. Strong Catholic tradition which is still in force today, long the official religion of the state. Low percentage however attend church regularly. 6.5% atheist/agnostic, fairly low compared to much of Europe.
Demographics: Statistics not available, but very small minority population. Vast majority (probably 80-90%) Portuguese
Foreign Policy: Ceded last remaining colonies (Macau returned to China in 1999, East Timor granted independence in 2002), ending colonialism once and for all.
Population: 10,676,910 (2008)

Romania
Economy: Since becoming independent from USSR in 1990, suffered severe economic issues until after 2000, when growth began to increase steadily. Now at risk of inflation, as most European economies are (but especially those with less established/advanced economies, particularly in Eastern Europe). Economy now largely privatized.
Government: Democratic Republic
Religion: Eastern Orthodox 87%, Protestant 7.5%, Roman Catholic 5%, Muslim less than 1%,
Demographics: Romanian 90%, Hungarian 7% (holdovers from past Hungarian rule), Roma 2.5%.
Foreign Policy: Joined NATO, EU. Friendly with all countries in the region. Shares common history and language as Moldova, which is historically part of Romania, but Moldova has resisted attempts to unify, or to integrate more closely with Romania, politically or economically.
Population: 22,246,862 (2008)

Russia
Economy: Economic problems after the collapse of the USSR culminated in the Financial Crisis of 1998. Caused by global economic downturn, aftermath of currency manipulation, expenditures from Chechen War, and compounded by deflation in commodity prices of major Russian imports (oil, minerals, metals). Inflation and unemployment skyrocketed, while shortages of almost every critical item occurred. Strong and immediate recovery began in full force the following year, as world commodity prices jumped sharply (especially oil). This fueled an economic rally continuing into 2008, thanks to increasing oil and commodity prices. Russia remains vulnerable to world commodity prices, as oil, natural gas, timber and metals account for about 80% of exports.
Government: Federal Republic (union of partially self-governing states)
Religion: Russian Orthodox 15-20%, Muslim 10-15%, other Christian 2%. Most of Russia citizens are atheist or non-practicing Russian Orthodox Christians, as result of the anti-religious Soviet era.
Demographics: Russian 80%, Tatar 4% (middle age Tatar migrations into Southern Russia, long time habitation there), Ukrainian 2% (USSR connection), Unspecified 12%. High death rate has resulted in population decrease, despite normal birth rate.
Foreign Policy: Primary objective is to reassert influence in former Soviet states, especially in Eastern Europe, which served as an important buffer for Russia. Opposes Kosovo independence, Serbian pro-Western government, Ukraine potentially joining EU, preventing these regions from growing further away from Russia politically, all in hopes of re-asserting control.
Population: 140,702,094 (2008)

Serbia
Economy: Still recovering from frequent warfare during the 1990s, along with UN economic sanctions, as it was seen as the aggressor during the Yugoslavian Wars. Unemployment (18%) and national debt remain significant problems. But in the past few years, the economy has really begun to grow. Serbia is traditionally a dominant force in the Balkans, indicating the room it had to grow after suffering a low point during the Yugoslavia Wars, where the world essentially teamed against it.
Government: Democratic Republic
Religion: Serbian Orthodox 85%, Roman Catholic 6%.
Demographics: Serb 83%, Hungarian 4% (Northern Serbia historically under Hungarian rule).
Foreign Policy: Engaged in law suit filed by Bosnia & Herzegovina for war crimes and charges of genocide during Bosnian War from 1992 - 95. Currently engaged in minor border disputes with Croatia and Bosnia. Through diplomatic and other non-military means, trying to retain Kosovo province, which seceded from Serbia in 2008. Trying to gain entry into EU, as it attempts to shed its label as menace in region after the Yugoslavia Wars.
Population: 10,159,046 (2008)

Slovakia
Economy: Since collapse of USSR in 1990, and separating from Czechoslovakia in 1993, Slovakia has nearly made the full transformation from a centrally-planned (communist) economy to a free-market (capitalistic) economy. It has experienced strong growth, especially since 2001, but unemployment remains high, although it has improved from about 18% to 8% since 2004.
Government: Democratic Republic
Religion: Roman Catholic 69%, Protestant 11%, None 13%.
Demographics: Slovaks 84%, Hungarian 11% (long time Hungarian rule during late and post-Middle Ages, fluctuating borders throughout history).
Foreign Policy: Member of NATO, supporting operations in Afghanistan with non-military personnel.
Population: 5,455,407 (2008)

Slovenia
Economy: Advanced economy. Highest GDP per capita of Central Europe (comprised of new EU economies since Soviet collapse). Still a high degree of state control for a European country, as privatization process has slowed. Taxes are high, certain industries/companies protected from competitive market forces, and foreign investment is low.
Government: Democratic Republic
Religion: Roman Catholic 58%, Muslim 2.4%, None 37%. Survey: 37% believe in God, 46% in some other form of intelligent design, 16% atheist/agnostic.
Demographics: Slovene 83%.
Foreign Policy: NATO. Supportive of stabilizing Bosnia in Post-Yugo War era, normalizing relations with Serbia after end of Yugo Wars, where Slovenia gained independence. Currently engaged in minor border disputes with Croatia, and disputes over territorial waters in Bay of Piran (Adriatic Sea).
Population: 2,007,711 (2008)

Spain
Economy: Has experienced ups and downs as the EU in general has, but has outpaced most EU nations in important economic indicators.
Government: Constitutional Monarchy.
Religion: 94% Roman Catholic. Strong Catholic tradition which is still in force today, long the official religion of the state. With modern secularism trend, most Catholics are not active church goers, likely claiming religious affiliation based on family tradition. Survey: 59% believe in God, 21% some other form of intelligent design, 18% do not know (agnostic).
Demographics: 92% European (the vast majority of which are Spaniards, or Spanish people), and 8% non-European (majority of which are from Latin America, and a significant portion from North Africa – former colonial possessions)
Foreign Policy: Contributed troops to Iraq War, but removed them after Madrid terrorist bombings in 2004.
Population: 40,491,051 (2008)

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Economy: Advanced, service-oriented economy. Free-market, capitalistic economy intermixed with welfare state policies. High tax burden as a result. Has lagged behind Norway and Denmark in recent years, in part due to stricter regulations, and lacking the natural energy resources of Norway and Denmark.
Government: Constitutional monarchy (democracy with monarch still in place).
Religion: Lutheran 87%, Lutheran Church of Sweden was state religion until 2000. Survey: 23% believe in God, 53% believe in some other form of intelligent design, 23% atheist/agnostic. Like most of Europe, secularization trend.
Demographics: 80%+ Swedish
Foreign Policy: Armed neutrality. Has not fought a war in almost two centuries.
Population: 9,045,389 (2008)

Switzerland
Economy: On a per capita basis, its economy performs better than most other European states. Banking is a key, since Switzerland maintains banking secrecy (not opening up to law enforcement of other nations), making it an attractive place for wealthy individuals and trans-national corporations to store liquid capital and assets. Extremely low unemployment.
Government: Federal Republic (democracy)
Religion: Roman Catholic 41.8%, Protestant 35.3%, Muslim 4.3%. Like most of Europe, growing secularist trend, but not as much so as other states. Survey: 48% believe in God, 39% other form of intelligent design, 9% atheist, 4% agnostic (don't know).
Demographics: 65% Germanic lineage, 18% French, 10% Italian. Historically, a confederation of Germanic “cantons” (provinces), with German being the national language. A great deal of flux in western border with France and southern border with Italy throughout centuries, creating significant populations of respective peoples in west/southern portions of Switzerland.
Foreign Policy: Maintains strict neutrality.
Population: 7,581,520 (2008)

United Kingdom
Economy: One of world’s most advanced, leading economies. Growing welfare state. Strong growth since 1992. Has not joined the European Economic and Monetary Union (Euro standardization, single market). Despite bringing the industrial revolution to the world, manufacturing now declining in importance, primarily service-driven economy (banking services, insurance, etc.).
Government: Constitutional monarchy (democracy)
Religion: 71.6% Christian (led by Anglican – Church of England – strong Protestant tradition, and Roman Catholic Church), 23.1% None, 2.7% Muslim. Survey – only 38% believe in God, but many belong to Christian churches out of tradition, atheist/agnostic = 23%, leaving about 39% that believe in some other form of intelligent design (non-Judeo-Christian). The Church of England is the state religion, although membership is not compulsory. Not supported by public funds, but the Church of England retains representation in the UK Parliament.
Demographics: White 92.1% (English, Welsh, Scottish, Irish), Black African 2% (from African Slave Trade era), Indian 1.8% (as in India, former UK colony), Pakistani 1.3% (former UK colony).
Foreign Policy: Strong supporter of U.S.-backed “War on Terror”, along with invasion of Iraq. Growing public sentiment against.
Population: 60,943,912

Ukraine
Economy: After independence from USSR in 1991, set out to transform economy from state-planned to free-market, but significant resistance has made this a slow and incomplete transition, coupled with significant corruption. As a result, the economy declined drastically during the 90s, compared to pre-1991 levels. Also damaged by overdependence on Russia for energy needs, especially since it relies heavily on agriculture and industrialization. Russia has inflated energy prices in recent years, even cutting off service on occasion in response to pricing disputes and political differences. Economy has been expanding the last few years due to global price increases for steel, its leading export.
Government: Democratic Republic
Religion: Ukraine Orthodox 84%.
Demographics: Ukrainian 78%, Russian 17% (population redistribution during Russian rule, especially USSR effort to "Russianize"). Population has been in decline in recent years due to low birth rate.
Foreign Policy: Maintains delicate balance between the west (rest of Europe) and Russia. Russia still aims to exert control over Ukraine, using energy as a lever, since Ukraine is highly dependent on Russian energy. Yet, attempts to enhance relations with the west to offset Russian influence and to increase markets for its exports.
Population: 45,994,287 (2008)

Recent European History (1989 - 2008)

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Recent Europe Interactive Map

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