Great War/World War I (1914 - 1919)
A New Terrible Type of Warfare, New Nations Created in Europe

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Effect of World War I on Each Country

Unsuccessful Russia Counteroffensive Against Germany and Austria-Hungary (1916): Russian launches a counteroffensive against the Germans and Austrians which is initially successful, but the gains are quickly given back due to a successful counterattack by the Central Powers. The Russian public becomes increasingly disenchanted with the war effort.

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Stalemate Continues in Trench Warfare Along Western Front (1916): By 1916, the Germans realized that it was unlikely they would be able to break through the establised lines of control, and reverted to a more defensive posture, to hold their initial gains, and to enable them to redeploy troops to other battlefields where further gains were achievable. The Germans did attempt to maximize French casualties by concentrating firepower against certain targets, without the objective of gaining ground, in order to weaken the will of the French. The French and their allies largely held their ground, launching their own offenses.

Italy-Austria Stalemate (1916): The Italians achieve a minor victory by taking the town of Gorizia along the Isonzo River (which roughly marked the boundary of control between the Italian and Austria-Hungary armies). Other than this, battles were fought to a stalemate.

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Romanian Joins Allies, Suffers Major Losses to Central Powers (1916): Refused to join the Allies until 1916, when they are motivated by the prospect of adding Transylvania to Romania, now a possibility with a weakening Austria-Hungary. But they are quickly defeated, with more than half their country under Central Power control by the end of 1916. Russia promised support in persuading Romania to join Allied cause, which proved to be woefully inadequate against the Central Powers.

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Bulgaria Holds Gains in Romania and Serbia (1916): Bulgaria continues to protect its gains in Serbia (modern Macedonia) and Romania, but the resistance from the Serbs and Romanians/Russians invites great difficulties in loss of life and economic troubles. Bulgaria's involvement in the war begins to show signs of being very unpopular with its citizenry.

Serbs Carry Out Insurgency Against Central Powers from Albania (1916): Serbs that escaped to Albania, now supported by Allies such as France, engage in raids into southern Serbia (modern Macedonia), attacking Bulgarian strongholds. Attacks succeed in weakening national morale and support within Bulgaria.

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Battle of Jutland (Largest Naval Battle of WWI) Between UK and Germany (1916): Germans attempt to destroy enough battleships in the North Sea to compromise the blockade the British were imposing. The blockade undermined the Germans' ability to bring in crucial supplies or engage in commerce, necessary to fund the war effort. Occurring in May and June of 1916, the battle was largely fought to a stalemate. The British suffered greater losses, but due to their numerical superiority, they were able to maintain the naval blockade. Consequently, the Germans resorted to unrestricted submarine warfare for the remainder of the war, sinking both military and civilian vessels that might represent any sort of strategic value, such as interrputing commerce for Allied nations.

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Irish Revolts Against United Kingdom (1916): Ireland saw an opportunity to take advantage of UK's involvement in WWI to sieze independence. They began planning an armed rebellion, with aid from the Germans. The revolt was finally carried out in 1916, the day after Easter Sunday. It would primarily take place in Dublin, with some scattered activity throughout the rest of the island. UK crushed the revolt within 6 days, and executed 16 people. Most of Ireland, although against Ireland's union with Great Britain, were against the armed rebellion. However, when a surprisingly large number of Irish were executed and exiled, support shifted to the rebel side, which would lead to Ireland's independence in 1921.

Russia conquers portions of Northeast Turkey from Ottoman Empire (1916).

Allied-sparked Arab revolts against Ottomans continue in Arabia (1916).

Ottomans fail again to capture the Suez Canal from the British (1916).

African Theater (1916): By the end of 1916, the Allies were firmly in control of Africa. German's West Africa and South West Africa colonies were captured. Germans were near total defeat in their East African colonies.

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WWI Timeline:  |  1914  |  1915  |  1916  |  1917  |  1918  |  1919  |

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Effect of World War I on Each Country

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World War I Interactive Map

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